Hello, everyone. Welcome to this webinar and thank you for joining me. This webinar is about her other health management, and the focus will be on the methodological approach, protocols, and a structured evaluation and analysis.
The objectives of this seminar or the webinar are first outlining a herd management plan with goals, farm visits, reports. Especially the methodological protocol approach. Secondly, to present a protocol for evaluation and analysis, and there the focus will be on risk factors.
And 3rd. Presenting you the approach for a heart treatment advisory plan for the veterinarian. The procedure of this webinar will be In 4 chapters.
First of all, the Hurt other Health Management plan. Operational targets, farm visits, farm visits reports, and a follow up. That are part of the protocol.
Secondly, a protocol for her other health evaluation and analysis. The presentation, thirdly, of her mastitis treatment advisory plan with some examples from the field, and we end up with some conclusions. First of all, backgrounds.
In the 1970s, a standalone programme was developed her fertility schemes. In the 1980s, another standalone programme was developed, or other health plans, specifically focusing on particular bacteria. The great disadvantages of those two standalone programmes were that because of being stand-alone, there was no attention for other disciplines on the farm, like, for example, nutrition management itself.
So they were licking. Several entrances to potential risk areas. Since the 1980s, herd health and productivity management programmes were developed, where several farming domains were included.
And not for nothing because there was a need for a more holistic approach. A need for appropriate records covering all those farm domains. And the need for achievable goals in order to develop a methodology which is compatible to farm management.
The basis for her other health is cow comfort. We come to that. The reminder considering our comfort.
4 chapters. First, adequate housing and barn climate. Special attention for thermal stress, cold stress, heat stress, an optimal her health status, especially claw health.
The availability and access to high quality feed and water and opportunities to express natural behaviour. And of course, Vets know already that farm management quality plays a key role in all these four domains. So let's get closer to her health management plan.
A other health management plan comprises goals or targets, which should be realistic, achievable, and compatible with management. Secondly, records on clinical and subclinical mastitis. TC or teat and colosity scoring, hygiene scoring.
Certainly farm visits. Including routine cow and farm monitoring, which have been addressed in another webinar. Farm visits reports, only one page.
With an action list. Next, the evaluation of management process and quality. And last, analysis protocol for heart problems and an analysis report.
Veterinarians should be aware of the fact that these 6 issues are primordial for Successful at the house management plan. Vets have to invest time. The operational goals for other her other health.
Are divided in primary goals and secondary goals. Priors are known to veterinarians, for example, for the average bullet milk cell counts. The incidence of clinical mastitis.
The number of repeated cases and the number of cows killed for specific other orte reasons. Secondary goals. These are not exhaustive.
Just an example, the percentage of cows with a traumatic cell count. Beyond the 200,000. Per millilitre, cows at risk for new infections, the probability of cure after treatment, and the bacteria count in milk milk tank.
Of course, any vet can add other secondary goals, but these goals are used for evaluation of other health performance and analysis of any problems or pending problems. There are 3 types of records for other health management. First of all, the existing on-farm records, milk recording, milk quality documents, bacteria counts in milk feed analysis results, water quality results, milking machine checkup reports.
We all know those. But there are no records. Other health and treatment block, a kind of diary to record any event which we get with regards to other health and with regard to treatment.
Matis cases, cell count checks, tent velocity scores, milk sampling, curling. And thirdly, the vet reports, farm visit reports, analysis reports, laboratory reports. These are all available except for the other health and treatment lock which should be introduced by the veterinarian.
Here's an example of an other health and treatment lock. Divided in several columns, the first with the identification of the cow. The 2nd 3rd 2nd, 3rd, and 4th column regards mastitis cases, clinical mastitis case.
Divided into 4 different quarters of the cow. And In the first example, CA 244. Arius misti on March 2.
The Staph aureus indication in the grey area indicates the left hind quarter, and so on for the other dates. Treatment details. For example, Steph aureus.
On March therapy one, I go to not into detail with regard to that. In April, another therapy, 3. Conclusion There was no cure, and in April 10th, this cow was killed due to chronic Staph aureus infections.
For the farmer, this type of treatment and health luck. Gives him a clear view of what's going on in the different cows with respect to cure rate and quotas infected. A veterinary checklist for somatic cell count on cow level.
Has kind of the same approach. The left column, cow identification. Then 3 dates of California mastitis test results going from score 1 to score 3.
And the vet can highlight highlight in this checklist. The scores which are not acceptable, score 3 coloured in yellow. For example, cow 103 is a problem cow.
This cow does not respond to any treatment with regard to somatic cell count. So sooner or later, this cow should be prone for curling. If the number of high scores is increasing constantly.
The veterinarian and the farmer should sit at the table and discuss about potential actions to be taken to get rid of this problem. Farm visits are pivotal for her other health management. They should be scheduled on a regular basis, preferably at a fixed day of the week and a fixed hour, so the farmer can get used to this routine.
For farm visits and farm visit protocol is used, it makes it easier for the veterinarian to explain to the farmer which actions are taken, when and why. And a farm visit finishes each time with a written farm report, one page maximum. It's sufficient in the field, but needs preparation by the veterinarian.
Every farm visit. The the veterinarian should have a look in the previous farm visit report and define which actions should be taken next. Farm visits have usually a follow up, for example.
Sending the milk samples of suspect or mastitic cows to the laboratory or doing an analysis. Convinces take time, so the veterinarian should invest that time. The first small visit It is basically an inventory visit to get a picture of other health on that farm.
So reactions and the activities of the Vietna are much larger than subsequent farm visits. A found visit activity protocol comprises the following 6. Items, monitoring farm data, monitoring cows and heifers, monitoring the cow's environment.
Checking cow problem problem cows. Specifically checking fresh cows and cows under treatment, for example, with a high somatic cell counts. If vets can take milk samples for laboratory analyst analysis, but usually, the farmer is instructed how to take in an aseptic way milk samples from mastic cows or suspect cows.
Finally, there is always a discussion with the farmer about the findings and the potential action plan. With regards to the monitoring. Issues from data curves and account environment.
These issues are addressed in another webinar routine. Farm and her monitoring. As a reminder, some examples of monitoring scoring charts.
Like the well-known body conditioning 1 to 5 scores. The T10 coloss scores at the right upper side. With a score of 123 or 4.
The hygiene score. And the observations that the vet is doing during the farm visits like checking room and fill in the 2nd up high photograph. The 3rd is the consistency of the features.
Left down corner, potential problems in cows, which are visible. For example, here, a knee abscess, which probably will lead this cow to eat less. To feel less comfortable, which may have an impact on its immune response with regard to mastitis.
At the right down corner, the behaviour of cows. Cows lying not in the cubicles, but on the exercise area, give you an indication about something is going wrong, either in housing or in cow traffic or cow behaviour. I found this report, I cannot put everything on a screen, so I forget about the first chapter observations made, usually.
You can put down the body condition score results or other scoring results. Secondly, is the findings, like indicated here in green and in yellow. It's very easy for a farmer to know that the green.
Colours indicate scoring results which are OK, so his strong points in Yellow The remarks in a more negative sense that in spite of the fact that, for example, body condition score is OK for the herd in average, but that there is too much variation in fresh cows, that gives an indication. The same goes for other and teeth hygiene scores, which are too variable. The cubicle bedding, which is poured to be refilled daily.
Climate is OK, the feed in the feed bank is OK, and the last finding too few drinkers are present. The problem group is the first lactation heifers. The conclusion, chapter 3, lactating heifers have problems getting water and feet and there is social stress, and the advice given here, put lactation.
Have us in a separate group, increase the number of drinkers, execute a closer monitoring of those hes because you are losing milk. The farm visit reports always follows these 3 chapters so that the farmer can get used to the system. Important is that Never more than 5 priority actions should be listed.
Any other action must remain on the parking lot. This comes from social scientists who say that human beings can handle 5 actions. And stick to them to do it in the best possible way.
If you increase the priority actions to 10 or 20, the farmer gets lost. Note also that milk samples were sent to the laboratory. And based on the results from the laboratory, over time, the veterinarian can create a hurt bacteriological profile, and that's the basis for a heart health treatment advisory programme.
Each report of the farm visit serves to prepare the next farm visit. For example, the bacteriological profile. The observation period was 3 months.
And after 3 months, we get this profile of bacteria. Pointing to strep uluss as being the most prevalent bacteria in mastitis cases over those three months. CNS Today, we have to call that non-a staphylococci.
Stephvarius coli forms on the bacteria, and there is always a category unknown. It could be that there are truly no bacteria detected, or especially if this number is increasing like at the right side. Maybe milk sampling is not done aesthetically or is delayed or there are poor transport conditions.
With regard to the letter, a farmer should not send to the laboratory the samples on Friday because it stays over in the weekend and information is lost. This profiling should be done continuously, say every 3 months, to be able to detect any changes, because if adequate treatment advice is given to the farmer. Potentially, these bars will change in amplitude.
Strep strep gubrus may be changed by more staph aureus, which indicates again, a change in the treatment advisory plan. With regard to evaluation and analysis. We have to pinpoint the fact that evaluation should be a regular activity to follow the progress of other health.
We are looking for trends, increasing or decreasing findings. To make it clear to the farmer, and not in the least to the veterinarian. It's most advisable to follow a protocol, and strict methodology, not to get lost and not to omit certain important issues.
Analysis is not only done when a problem is there, but preferably depending on farm visits and the results, even if analysis shows that a problem is pending, that means that we can act at an early stage. Then again, follow a strict protocol to make clear to the farmer what we are doing in the analysis and why and what the results could be leading to specific action points. This is a very busy slight.
Based on, for example, a complaint of the farmer that he thinks that there are too many clinical mastitis cases in the herds over the last two months. That too. The different steps.
At each line, show what should we do, should be done. For example, first of all, discuss with the farmer the history of those animals. What was occurring, in which cases since when, where, why?
The classical approach of diagnosis. That's the inventory phase. Then the vet should evaluate the available farm data.
And maybe even go further to draw histograms. To find, for example, mastitis cases versus season or parity, milk gi or quarters or days in milk that gives him a better insight in what's going on. And of course he can use those figures to show to the farmer in order that the farmer adopts the view of his mastitis herd.
There was always the farm visit where again, the monitoring of cows and heifers and the environment and management should be done to find out about risk factors at animal level and farm level. After that, and not earlier, the veteran is checking the affected animals. If indicated.
The veterinarian takes samples for bacteriology if those samples have not been taken before by the farmer himself, for example. If the latter is the case, the veterinar can draw a bacteriological profile in the herd. Then We enter the domain of conclusions from all this monitoring, and the first probability diagnosis is set.
If indicated based on this inventory. Additional investigations are conducted, for example, of heat and water intake. Feed and water availability, milking machine function, milking practise evaluation, etc.
A large chapter there is to find out how treatment is done either by the farmer or farm workers. When all these results are available, the veterinarian draws a list of potential causes and risk factors, and then he can set the final diagnosis, draw the conclusions, and discuss with the farmer the action plan that the vet has in mind. Again, formulate priority interventions, not more than 5, and secondary interventions, so the farmer knows that even when he attacks those 5 priority issues, there are still other issues remaining.
A follow-up visit is always needed at least one, and most probably it's to be preferred that the veterinarian invest at least 3 months, so maybe it's reason to install a herd health management programme and write the analysis reports. Analysis report is not pros. It's not writing a book.
It's more in telegram style. Straightforward, clear language and pointing to the positive points, not to forget, because otherwise you lose motivation of the farmer who thinks that he never does something good. So always the positive points like the the green colours and the points for improvement, the green, the yellow on the.
Farm visits list. Basically, this protocol is the same type of approach as for routine her monitoring. But of course, given the fact that there is a problem.
It's be more elaborated. About risk factors for other infections, but of course there's the bacteriology. Aureus, hubris, discolaxy, a galaxy, colour forms, no, .
Or yes, Staphylococci, and maybe other. But let's have a look through the other issues like housing conditions. What about the cubicles, design, sizes?
Flooring behaviour of cows in the cubicles, distances between two rows of cubicles. Can cows. Can lay down or get up.
Condition of the bedding material. What kind of bedding is it sand or? Car tyres or a water beds, is there straw, etc.
Hi, Jeanne. Bond climate, manure scraping frequency is there . An input of management trying to get the best possible situation for his milking cows, especially in fresh cows.
The milking machine and milking practise, looking for deviations, beware of the fact that for a milking machine check, it should always be done what they call a wet check. This means that the milking machine should be in function with the cows when the check is being done. Milking practise is just have a look in the milking parlour during the milking and see what the farmer or farm workers are doing, just on the sample of the herd.
Specifically, the fresh cows. Because there is the incentive for higher milk yield, and the problems which are occurring in a false milking practise have terrible consequences. You just need, say, 20 cows passing, and you have a clear cut idea about milking practise, about tea dipping, if it's done right or wrong.
So yielding Much information at that level. Looking at personnel skills. The personal hygiene, their behaviour, their attitude, their motivation.
Are they keeping cows quiet, comfortable, or not? Management itself, with regard to dry cows, tra transition cows, groups, feed and water. With regard to feeding water, negative energy balance, cows, ketosis, rumen acidosis, these three have a detrimental effect on the cow's immune responsiveness, so it's worthwhile to check on those issues as well about the animals.
Carving history Parity, daisy milk, other diseases, negative energy balance, stress, social stress. Or heat stress or cold stress all contribute as a risk factor to other infections. About an action plan.
Just an example. The 5 priority points, the farmer continues taking milk samples from affected cows aesthetically before treating them. He puts a label on with cow identification date.
And quarter, I put them in the freezer. In some cases, the farmer or farm workers have to be instructed how to take those milk samples. Because the focus should be on an acceptable way of taking milk samples.
Second, create a separate group for lactating heifers, so they are no longer subject to social stress by dominant adult cows. Let them have the time to adapt. In lactation and in feeding.
Check the feed ration and water quality regularly. But also check the water access there again if there are. Not enough.
What are drinking points. Dominant cows will chase the subordinate cows. When new mastiis cases occur, ask for a wet milking machine check.
And the vet will be present to have a discussion with the technician about what has been found and what could be done. Then the veterinarian may focus on her treatment advisory plan. In the example we have shown, strap hubris was the first focus.
But as I stated earlier, it needs follow up by the veterinarian because when treatment is focused on strep hubris, probably the profile will change. There were other actions identified. Here between brackets to improve the overall hygiene and hygiene scores in cows.
By, for example, scraping the manure more often and renew the bedding more often. The veterinarian will continue monitoring. Cows, environment, and management during next farm visits.
These are issues that are remaining on the parking lot. The monitoring of several dates will show trends, improvement, or more deterioration, and it can serve to adapt the action plan. About her treatment advisory plan.
This plant can be provided by the vet on the basis of bacteriological profile for milk samples as we have spoken about. What is this advisory plan? It should give the farmer the best possible choice of drugs.
For example, for curing mastitis cases, but also against resistance, antibiotic resistance, and to avoid milk residues. This advisory plan comprises indications. Local administration drugs.
Systemic drugs, the proper dosage. The injection sites, if any, the storage of drugs, and the handling of waste material. The veteranian can have a blueprint type of documents in his computer, where these chapters are already filled in.
But only the local drugs and the systemic drugs, of course, may change between farms. In that way, the veterinarian doesn't have to pay much time. To get every time and again, a new advisory plan from his computer.
It's much easier to have a blueprint already available. Note that this plan may also include hands-on training for farm workers, if any. For example, about the proper injection technique.
Where to inject, how to inject. And how to deal with the equipment afterwards. But also work instructions for farm workers with in regards to, for example, the proper teat dipping.
Show them how to do it. Make him do it and give you comments. Restrictions.
No books. It's just half a page or 1 page in a readable language. And the different steps are listed on that page.
Environmental mastitis or coliform mastitis, a particular issue because it's not totally comparable to the infectious bacteria like agalexia, Aureus, or this galaxy. When those Infectious microbes. Decrease Another real pop up.
When storus decreases due to treatment, coliforms and streptubrus will increase, most probably. So we can prepare ourselves as a vet what to expect when we focus on specific bacteria. For environmental mastitis, like with golide forms.
The transfer of bacteria is between milkings, cows lying on dirty floors. Transfer during milking. During the dry periods.
And also when milking without gloves. To eliminate or reduce the effect of these risk factors. The farmer or milkers should address these transfer risk factors.
Other activities that the farmer or farm workers can do to reduce the incidence of environmental mastitis is to clean our teeths. Do the teeth and colosity score, hygiene score, clip the hair of the other. Improve other preparation and milking.
Specifically there not too long, not too short. Provide proper calving pens for individual cows. Sufficient size, sufficient good climate.
Proper hygiene and a thick straw layer. Check on the adequate cubicles for headspace dimensions, and at least 10% more cubicles than count numbers. This again To avoid that subordinate cows will suffer from dominant cows, provide high quality feed.
Avoid negative energy balance in specifically transition cows and cows just after calving. The point of environmentallostitis is that the immune response is involved in a meaning that With regard to the steps, they contribute to improve the immune response. Be aware of the fact that poor management leads to multiple or repeated cow infections.
Some issues from the field. Photograph I clean other antiques. It is possible At the right side, another example.
A dirty alley. Dirty cubicle. Leads to dirty udder or dirty cow, and hence a higher mastitis risk.
With regards to the milking machine. Make sure that functional machine testing is done with the machine and operation with the cows. I cannot.
Point to it. Enough, it should be a wet machine test, as they call it. It's the only way to detect small but unacceptable deviations.
Note that during the farm visits, the vet can check the quality of liners and the milk tubes. If these are rubber, maybe you find deviations in those tubes because it might, it might indicate that that replacing is needed. An easy check just.
At the end of the farm visit. Again, When the vets are doing so, the farmers are looking to the vet. What is he looking for?
So next time he will check himself in order to avoid that the vet makes a negative comment. About hygiene, 6 photographs. The left upper corner.
A classical old barn. The waiting area is clean. The exercise area is clean.
Second photo on the top. Miller are you using are wearing gloves for milking. Which reduces drastically the infection transfer.
For other preparation. At the upper right corner, one tower per girl. The down list Personal hygiene of milkers is very important to avoid infection transfer.
The flushing of milking clusters between milkings is an opportunity to get rid of dirt and hence contaminations and the correct tea dipping at the down right corner. Three-quarters of the length of the teat. And all around.
If te dipping is replaced by spraying. The most Frequently made error is that only one side of the teeth is straight instead of being straight all around. Another issue from practise.
The evaluation of milking practise using an electronic device at the left side, a nice example, so to say, of poor other preparation. The first peak, the small peak. Of milk flow.
Is based on the fact that this milk originates from the milk that eats cistern. Hence, there was no true other preparation at all when Afterwards, The big milk flow starts, we have a two-top curve of milk flow. Only this picture.
Give a clear indication that something has to be done about other preparation in a more appropriate way because this fall in milk flow might induce an other irritation and hence the risk of infection. At the right side. How milking should be done correctly.
Nicely prepared and a steady increase in milk flow up to the peak level and down again. About it and evaluation. Not needed to check every tit, just a representative sample of the herd.
And what you find here is tat and inversion. It's like being the deep end is on the inside instead of on the outside. It can be better seen at deep and colosity scoring.
Scoring from 1 to 4 at the left side. A normal deep end. Scoring 2 rings are starting, that should be the alarm phase one.
Be careful because this is not normal, while score 3 and score 4. Represent high mastitis risk, especially for Staph aureus, because Steph aureus can nest into this rough. Material.
At the end, score 3 and score 4. You see already and with your eye that the deep end is protruded to the outside. Scores 3, score 4 occur most frequently during the 1st 120 days in milk, meaning that especially fresh cows are involved, increasing their risk of mastitis with a factor 3 to 4.
Another example. A dark cow barn. Poor cow comfort because there is no light.
A poor other anti hygiene. And a cow which is not at her best. These factors may lead to a higher susceptibility of infections of teeth and or other.
You don't need to be an academic to be able to observe this type of situations. In conclusion, In complex situations such as mastitis with a multifactorial background. A methodological approach is warranted.
This approach must be holistic. Because mastiti is multifactorial and hence different farming domains should be addressed. The veterinarian should always make routine diagnostic monitoring, because it's the basis for further explorations.
It's the basis also for evaluation and analysis. The point is, the veterinarians should invest time in other her health management. Appropriate records are indispensable, otherwise, evaluation or analysis is not possible.
Developing a heart or a health plan is not difficult as long as you stick to the methodological outlines. It's a kind of routing plan for trains. You take a look.
You find an hour for departure. You can find the different steps that the train or the different stops the train is making on the way to its destination. The methodology for other health is basically the same principle.
The Hurt Treatment Advisory plan is based on sound, logical, and specifically justified drug choices. I would advise to consult regularly recent literature on the internet, because on the internet you will find the different new results. Like very recently, the Japanese people have discovered the basis of resistance, bacterial resistance against.
Antibiotics. So follow the internet literature and be sure that your her treatment advisory plan is Representing the actual state of the art. Thank you for your attention and I wish you good luck in your daily work.
Bye-bye.