Good evening everybody and welcome to another members webinar on Thursday evening. My name is Bruce Stevenson and I have the honour of chairing tonight's incredibly interesting session. I think I'm more excited than a kid on Christmas Day to listen to our speaker today on fish practise and how we do it.
I don't think we have any new members in tonight, so you all know how it works. There will be some poll questions that will come in. During the presentation and we've got a bit of a twist at the end as well, but I'll explain that as we go on.
So enough, from me. It's my honour tonight to introduce a very distinguished lady. Lydia qualified from Liverpool University vet school in 1978 and subsequently completed a PhD and an FRCVS in aquatic veterinary medicine.
She's an emeritus or CVS specialist in fish health and production. And an emeritus Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology. Throughout her career, Lydia has held research, technical and commercial positions at various universities.
Contract research organisations and veterinary pharmaceutical companies. Her last position was as an MD of Farm Aqua Limited, a fish health company based in the UK. And my favourite part of Lydia's CV is that in 2011, Lydia was awarded an MBE for services to the veterinary profession.
Lydia, it's a great honour to welcome you to the webinar vet and it's over to you. Thank you very much, Bruce, and I hope I don't let you all down with that introduction. The aim of this webinar, everyone, is, is not to get you to full fish capability, fish vet capability in one hour, but I hope that by the end of this webinar, we've moved the goalposts a little bit.
40 years ago when I qualified, my colleagues thought that I was entering a niche market, and they were quite surprised that a vet would even be wanting to do this. 40 years later. And the majority of the veterinary profession still think it's a niche business, and they're quite surprised that a vet would want to do it.
So if there are even one or two people this evening who feel that they might want to pursue the interest in their interest in the aquatic environment, I feel that something has been achieved. . Just trying to move this slide on and it seems to have stuck, I'm afraid.
Just click on your screen, Lydia. Yeah. 00, that's it, great.
Thank you very much. So this is a, a summary of what we'll be covering. I'd like to show you how to get involved in fish medicine and where to go for help and support and what role you can play.
I think it'll help if you can see the scope and the size of the industry, both aquaculture, so that's some fish farmed for human consumption and ornamental fish. From a clinical perspective, I'll give basic point as to how to approach a case. And there are special regulatory considerations that I think we ought to cover.
And then finally, we'll take a look at some very basic information on common problems. So if we look at how you can get involved, I think the first thing I'd say is that as vets, we're used to covering a lot of ground. We cover a lot of bases.
We look at lots of different species, and our veterinary degree, teas us up for being able to approach a problem in very many different ways. Now originally as a student, I wanted to go into small animal practise. Well, I did go into small animal practise, but it was with fish, and there are thousands and thousands of them that I was treating at any one time.
So it was small animal practise in a production animal setting. And if we look at you in the middle of this diagram, the the ways that you can go by working with these species is incredible. You can get involved in the aquaculture industry itself.
The ornamental trade is a whole different side, both retail and wholesale. And then the particular area that I took was in the veterinary pharmaceutical industry, contract research organisations, and then diagnostic laboratories. Again, there's another, another place for you to be involved there.
And in terms of building up your knowledge base, either at the beginning or through your fishy career, you can get into the academic side of things. There are various research programmes and lots of CBD that you can do. And my aim is to try to show you this evening places you can go to get that further information.
Now, there's an old Maltese proverb, Never does the little fish eat the big fish. And what it's trying to say is that obvious things are obvious, and most things about clinical diagnosis are obvious. There's a well worn path from training yourself up in the field through great history taking, good client and professional relationships.
Clinical observation and diagnostic testing, experience building and great communication. And as in every other species, we just must not miss out any of those steps, because if we do, we're, you know, not gonna end up with being the good practitioner that we want to be. So here's where I would like to give you some ideas for where you can go for help and support.
I've produced notes for this webinar and I'm, I'm sure that webinar that will make them available to everybody, afterwards. And on the notes, I actually give all of the websites and the contact details. So, if you can get a hold of those, you'll, you'll be able to go directly to these organisations.
Because it's about lifelong learning, you need to go to places where that's provided. And the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association is one such organisation. It's got several 100 members.
These are fish vets or people who are interested in fish to a small degree, and some members are associate members. And we also have student chapters of the association in quite a few vet schools, both in America, Australia, and I believe one or two are starting in the UK. They run a certified aquaculture veterinarian programme which within the association itself, and what happens if you try to go on that programme, they will appoint a mentor who will take you through a syllabus, advise you on courses and things that you can do and help you gain the qualification.
They also have something like this, a web CEPD programme with both free and pay per view webinars, but of course all fish related. And an online digital quarterly newsletter available for members. They organise conferences and meetings around the world as well, and, and that's worth knowing.
But here in the UK, the Fish Veterinary Society is a division of the BVA. They're probably about 100+ members. They also have fish health professionals as members, associate members, and vet students are very strongly welcomed and encouraged to come to their annual conference.
In fact, their annual conference is meeting next week, up in Edinburgh. Because they're a division of the BVA they're able to influence legislation by responding to consultation documents through the BVA so they're quite an influential organisation. And then finally they also have a a fish vet journal which typically comes out once a year.
FES have a list of vets who are willing to give advice to other vets on fish health matters. And membership of both of these organisations is, is not particularly expensive. So I'd, encourage you to consider going there.
The 3rd 1 on the list is the Royal College. We all know about the certificate, and advanced veterinary practise, programme that the college runs. And there are 3, sea level modules in fish work, CF1, CF2, and CF3.
So you can be a GP in practise and then choose to have some of the modules as fish, only modules. The problem, unfortunately, and I've been in touch with the college about this recently, is that since none of the universities are offering these modules, it's not possible to actually take them at the moment. So, that is a space that we need to watch because surely at some point, somebody will offer to validate those modules and then they will be available to you.
AAA is on the ornamental side of things. It's got a website, for the Aquatic Trade Association, and if the only thing you did when you went on that website was to look at their annual reviews, it would give you a very good feel for what the industry is like in the UK. They also do a lot of political work and and consultation work as well.
And they have also a number of training courses. Now these are designed for people working in aquarium, pet shops and so on. But if you really were a very complete amateur in the area, I think it might be worth your while working through some of these courses.
They do short certificates in water quality and filtration. Fish biology and fish health and so on, or you can do a whole diploma for a lot a lot more money. It's all online.
And then finally, in, in this, on this slide, the, the academic courses that are available to us, the Institute of Aquaculture at Stirling University runs a variety of master's programmes. You can also do a PhD programme there if you wish. And in recent years, Saint Andrews University has just started an MSC programme in sustainable aquaculture.
AquavetMed is a website which Basically it's a list of fish vets and aquatic labs, diagnostic labs worldwide. And that could be very useful too if you, you're wanting to make networks wherever you live. And I would commend you, use that.
I would, caution though that, it may not be up to date. For example, I looked at myself recently and found that I was still on there working for PHARMAC, and, I left there 7 years ago. And I haven't yet found a way of editing myself into.
2018, but no doubt I'll find a way of doing that. And then the whole area have a number of journals, and I'll just briefly mention Fish Farmer and Fish Update. Fish Farmer is the main journal for the aquaculture industry in the UK and it does have international reach as well.
You can get online digital subscriptions, you can download sample digital issues or you can buy the actual paper version. Fish farming expert is something that originated in Norway and has come from the Norwegian salmon industry, and it's more of a technical read, provides a lot of detailed information on new products, new systems, new mechanisms, as well as job opportunities. And then, the fish site is a a wonderful website.
It's, it contains a wealth of information. It's run by 5M Publishing. And the site's free.
It's an excellent way of getting into the industry. And that company also runs sustainable aquaculture magazine, and they also organise, an aquaculture UK conference, which meets every year. The next meeting is up in Aviemore in Scotland, in May.
Now, on the practical, on the ornamental side, I've I've put practical fishkeeping magazine here that there are a wealth of ornamental fish magazines. It's just that that's the magazine that I know most about, but it's just a signal that it's a good idea to, you know, look at some of these journals and magazines. And then finally, I think people are important networks, connections, and no more so than in this niche market of aquaculture.
By going to the various organisations that I mentioned, Wagner and Fish vet Society, you'll meet any number of these people, but I just want to signpost Rich Low. Since he has kindly provided me with some, pictures of, some of the ornamental stuff that I'm gonna show this evening. But there are any number of fish vets who will help if you just ask them.
So what role can you play? I would caution us all not to be hidebound in the idea that we have to be clinicians all the time. I think our veterinary degree enables us to look at all sorts of things, pre-clinical as well as clinical.
There are research areas we, we covered some of these things in a previous slide, but if, if we look in more detail, if you're interested in research. The named veterinary surgeon role under the Animal Scientific Procedures Act will require you to have some fish knowledge because in terms of experimental animals used in the UK by far and away the largest volume is the number of fish that are used. Zebra fish research now is very, very big.
Then, on the pre-clinical side, it's actually would be interesting to get involved in farms either as production managers on farm. Or even going through processing plants, and again in the ornamental side, getting involved in farm type situations or quarantine stations where large numbers of fish are held together, perhaps not in a clinical role, but again looking at water quality environment and other physical parameters. And you know, we forget all of that information we were given, when we trained as vets as nutritionists.
It's terribly important that we get the right nutrition for all the species that are now being grown for human use. And the, the quality of audit functions too, I believe are very, very important, particularly, in the field of vaccination where you have a, there's a huge audit role to be played, and also in, in the processing plant end of the operations. We have a large, quite a, quite a large caucus of fish breeding programmes, fish breeding companies, and their role is to try to breed in disease resistance.
Again, there are a number of vets that I know that that are working in that area. They're not UK vets, but they're vets from other EU member states. And they play a very valuable role, in the work that they do.
And when I talk about biosecurity at the end of this slide, I mean the secure chain of food production from hatchery to supermarket. You know, it isn't just about use of disinfectants or keeping our our wellies clean or whatever. There's a huge area that vets can be involved in in that area too.
So we're now gonna move on to the scope and size of the industry, but I'm going to just ask you to, so I have to get rid of this, ask you to go through the poll questions. I think I need to hand over to you for that, Bruce. Yep, Lydia, all good.
So folks, you know how this works. The first poll is launched. Simply click on the answer that you feel best represents, what you believe is the right answer.
And we'll give you 30 seconds or so to vote. So go ahead and just click on the answers that you think are the correct ones. Lydia, while they're busy voting, if I can just bring to your attention, your microphone seems to be moving in and out a little bit.
You can just be a little of that for me, please. Thank you very much, thanks for letting me know. Is that better?
Yeah, that's perfect. Thank you. Come on folks, these votes are anonymous, you know that by now we're not going to know who said what, so give us an answer.
Get off the fence. Take a stance. There we go.
Another one coming in. Come on, 10 more seconds. Thank you very much.
Few more votes coming in. Right. 3 seconds to go and then we're gonna end that poll.
Right, let's end that poll quickly and share those results. There you go, Lydia. 71% said no and 29% said yes.
Well, the 29% were correct. We did eat more pork than fish. We, we had 25 kg, carcass weight equivalent of pig versus 15.8 kg carcass weight equivalent of fish.
So, I'm just trying to get people to look at the the size of the industry really compared to other industries that we know. So if we go to question two. Right, the second one is launched.
The question is simple. Did we eat more fish? OK, yes, that's right, sorry.
Did we eat more fish? Oh we eat more fish than in 2015? Folks, that's just a typo there.
Did we eat more fish than in 2015? Yes or no? Right.
Come on stragglers, give us those votes. We're gonna give you another 10 seconds, get your votes in. And if you don't know, just guess.
Right, let's close that poll. And so we've got 63% said yes and 38% said no. Well, actually, the yeses are right this time.
The aquaculture industry is growing at a minimum of 6% a year, and it's been doing that for 20 or 30 years now. So we are eating much more fish than we ever used to. So we go to question 3, the last one here.
Right, is open. Do you think that? That's an interesting concept.
I've never even thought of that, to be very honest. Hm, seems like it's stumped a few people as well, thinking hard and long about this one. We'll give you a few extra seconds on this one because it's if you're like me, you haven't even thought about that question.
Alright, 15 more seconds, folks. Pick one, yes or no. Alright, 5 more seconds and then we're gonna close the poll.
Right, Lydia, let's close that poll and share those results. So 79% say yes and 21% say no. Yeah.
And again, the yeses are correct. 2013, 2014 was the tipping point when we ate more fish that were farmed than we got from the wild, from fisheries. And I think that's quite important because it shows that what's happening as we go.
Go forward in our lifetime is that we're gonna eat more and more farmed fish. That's just the way it's gonna go. Right, so let's look at the some of the numbers here.
Basically, global aquaculture accounts for 195 million tonnes, and that was 2014 figures. But I, I wonder why it is that we're eating more fish, because when I looked at the cost of the other meats that we eat, and you can see them on the table there, fish is, on average, much more expensive, 9 to 12 pounds a kilo, whereas beef and veal, 8 pounds a kilo, and as you see, 7 and 5 for lamb and, and pig. So why would we be eating more fish when it's more expensive?
And again, I think this is something to do with our lives changing as we go forward into the future. There are lifestyle issues, people wanting to eat lighter meals, the perceived health benefits of omega 3s, where oily fish are supposed to be giving us a lot of, a lot of those materials. I'd have to say too, a lot of vegetarian friends that I have actually are vegetarian, but they eat fish and don't see it as a meat.
So it may be that that's satisfying one part of society as well. I'm not going to show lots of pictures. I'm not gonna show any pictures of fish farm systems because we could be here all evening.
The the type of production systems vary dramatically, very huge intensive production cages in seawater for salmon, for example. Small RAS systems, recirculated aquaculture systems, whereby fish are held in tanks on land and the water goes into the tank and back out again. Or semi-extensive pond culture, for example, channel catfish, in the USA.
So, forgive me if we don't go through all of those types, of, of production. But if we look at the ornamental industry, I've got figures from 2012 to show you just how many pet fish there are in the UK. And 1 in 10 British households keep fish.
I, I find that phenomenal. I mean, I keep fish, so I suppose I'm one of the 1 in 10. But up to 65 million pet fish in the UK.
And it, and that compares with 8 million dogs and you have the numbers for there for cats and rabbits and birds and hamsters. And again, I wonder why that is. And, you know, 1 may feel that it's easier to keep fish.
Well, in actual fact, there are a number of species on the ornamental side. They're very difficult to keep. But some people really enjoy the technical difficulty.
They love looking after the fish, they love looking after the plants, and also, the technical side of, of the filtration equipment and so on. In some ways, as well, fish are less long-lived. We might say that they're cheaper to keep than, a warm-blooded pet, but, In some ornamental systems, they can be extremely expensive, so I don't think the cost element comes into it at all.
So it's just something that we're left with to ponder. So I'm now going to talk very basically about how you approach a case. And again, I can't do much of this in an hour, but I can show you some pictures and I can go through basic equipment that you, that you'll probably need.
I think first of all, you need to decide if you're going to make a site visit or have a surgery visit. If it's an ornamental fish, it may be. That you're, you're looking at the ornamental fish because you also look after the dog or cat in the household.
I would always recommend that you go to the home to view the tank or the pond or the system in situ, and also be aware it's going to take a lot of time. And I'd have to caution here. That I think one must be prepared that this is not going to be, at least in the beginning, as you develop fish work, it's not going to be financially, positive to you.
Emotionally, it may be because you're, it's an interest that you have, but don't expect to make a lot of money out of this in the early days. Now, the basic equipment you're gonna need, I would suggest are at least 2 tanks, about 20 litres volume. And the reason for that is if you need to anaesthetize a fish, you're gonna need to have 1 tank for anaesthesia and one for recovery.
You'll need air pumps and stones and tubing. That's all relatively inexpensive. You'll also need water quality test kits.
And both for freshwater and salt water, depending on the kind of fish that you're looking at. They're also relatively inexpensive and you can get those from most good fish pet shops. You'll have your own standard dissection equipment, slides and sterile water, for example.
And I'd recommend that you had an anaesthetic agent on tap. Now, if it was a farmed fish that you were going to, you would need to use the licenced product, MS 222. But if it's an ornamental fish, remember that you've got the small animal exemption scheme products which are on the VMD's website, and there are a number of anaesthetic agents that you can use.
If we get time at the end and if people are interested, I can talk through how to anaesthetize a fish. Sadly, you may find that, when you go to an ornamental case, you get there after, a lot of other things have been tried, and there's a sort of multifactorial aetiology going on. You may actually be gearing up to do postmortems rather than working on live fish.
So you need to take your formal saline and some containers, and you also need to have the conversation with the owner that they understand what it is you're trying to do. Sometimes postmorteming one fish out of a tank of 30 might be the right way to go. And also you need to have access to diagnostic labs who will look at fish.
It may be that your own local lab will do that for you, but if in doubt, contact somebody like the Institute of Aquaculture at Sterling or fish vet Group in Scotland. I'm sure they'd take a phone call from you and advise you or International zoo veterinary group, probably. And finally, go back to that website I mentioned earlier, AquavetMed.info.
That might help you too. Water quality. Well, with fish work, I can't emphasise strongly enough that 50% of all disease problems are perhaps nothing to do with the fish.
It's everything around the fish. They live in water. They're living in a bacterial soup, and it's coming to terms and understanding what's going on in their environment that will help you sort out the problem.
So you need a, a full case history and one of the obvious things you can do when you're looking at ornamental fish and you may have a mixed tank of fish in a freshwater system, for example, is look at the types of fish that you've got and try to be aware what environments they come from. Because if they come from environments or areas which are different to the water quality in that tank. There there's going to be a lot of stress.
And, and another thing to look at is different species of fish have different dominance hierarchies. So damselfish, for example, can be incredibly dominant. And I know that to my cost.
I once had a marine tropical system. I had a lot of damsel fish, and after a year, I had one large damsel fish. And it was a way that I learned that you've got to understand, .
The basic dominance hierarchy of the species that you have. Things like new tank syndrome. This is really quite a common thing that you'll see with clients in general practise.
They're so keen to get fish in, they may not have spent the time to set up the tank and have a mature, water system which is working with correct filtration when they put their first fish in. So all I would say is water quality, water quality, water quality. It's a really, really important thing.
Now I'm just gonna show you some pictures here and we'll, we'll go through these slides. This is a gill biopsy from McCoy. Again, Richlo kindly provided this.
It's clearly on a dead fish. You would not snip the gills of a live fish. So please, don't think of doing that.
But, in biopsies, you can get a lot of information. And here are some gills under microscope slides with white spot cysts being shown and you can see the arrows, the arrow there pointing them out. Some of the other things on the slide are mucus and just fluff and so on, air bubbles, but, you, you quickly get into noticing, where the parasites are.
Costia, another ectoparasite infection of fish. Again, a lot of these things can be seen grossly, and I'm sorry that I don't want to get into too much of this this evening because it could take us the whole evening to go through it, but this is where the training and going on individual courses will encourage you to, to learn about these things. And Richard kindly sent me a a slide of enteritis in catfish and you know, doesn't that just look like enteritis in in a, in a dog or a cat?
All of, all of that reddening and so on. So if I go over to you, now, please. Yes.
So folks, this is a slightly different poll question. What we want you to do is study the picture. And in the Q&A box, if you will type your answers in that and we'll just accumulate the answers and then later on Lydia will actually reveal to us what it's all about and when we go through the questions, at the end of the presentation.
So if Lydia will leave that up for us for another maybe minute or so. Have a look and then just type in some answers into the Q&A box and we'll keep that and Lydia will take us out of suspense at the end of the presentation. OK.
I'll just, I'll just carry on talking while you're, you're doing that. . I mentioned before about the gill biopsy and doing that on a dead fish, but you can do skin scrapes on live fish very, very easily and very similarly to looking for dermididectic mange or something like this, on your normal species.
A scalpel blade drawn across a fish's skin in the direction of the scales, stick it on a micro microscope slide, you collect the mucus and so on. With a drop of sterile water, cover slip on it, and have a look at it under the microscope and again, you'll see a number of ectoparasites, infections. Lydia, I think we've, you've, you've managed to flummox a lot of people, actually have a few, a few answers coming through, .
I, yeah, there's not too many people are hazarding a guess here, so let me give you a couple of answers. We've got is by far and away the most common answer that's coming in. Kelp forest is a slight variation.
One answer is a high tide line debris, and then, we've even got a sea bamboo. So put us out of our misery. Well, I wouldn't have known either, folks.
It's just that I, I, I have an interest in nautical archaeology, and what this actually is, is a megalithic fish weir. And the point I'm trying to make, that's all it looks like, doesn't it? But what's happened is they've, ancient man has created barriers in the sea, allowed the tide to come in, the fish come in, and then they sort of find their way through these weirs, and as the tide goes out, they can't get out.
And so the man, the hunter. Picks up the fish and eats it. And it, I just wanted to make the point that we've actually been fish farming for thousands of years.
I mean, the megalithic Age is the time of Stonehenge and Mann Hayden and all of that, so it goes back a very long way. So we'll move on from there. Special regulatory considerations, which again, I just want to briefly talk about.
Just be aware that, ornamental fish, how they move from country to country comes under CITES regulations. And CITES is a convention where governments around the world try to agree how, wild animals and plants move around, . In a way that doesn't is not detrimental to the survival of those species.
In a similar way, farm fish, there are regulations about the movement of live animals and fish products across borders that one needs to be aware of. As vets in practise, you'll you'll know all about the cascade system, and the only point I'd make is that there are a lot less medicines available for fish compared to other species. So we often end up using the cascade system.
And I just point out that there's new information now come out on formalin and The Fish Veterinary Society working through the BVA have produced a guideline on vets needing to use the single licenced formalin product for fish, which is actually a Spanish product rather than using anything as we would normally do by going to our wholesaler. Then the other thing that's slightly different is the issue of maximum residue limits, withdrawal periods, and so on for drugs that we give to farm fish. But with fish, because they're cold blooded, we work on degree days when we work out withdrawal periods.
We don't say it's 7 days, 10 days, whatever. We calculate the number of days and the average water temperature and we multiply that up, and that is the withdrawal period. So 500 degree days would be 100 days at 5 degrees C, that kind of thing.
We should just be aware of that. We should also be aware of fish in the Veterinary Surgeons Act, or rather fish not in the Veterinary Surgeons Act. The act is silent on fish.
. So, basically that means that anybody may treat a fish, but only a veterinary surgeon may prescribe a prescription only medicine, a POMV medicine or a POMVPS. And also, only a veterinary surgeon may make a midline incision and, and, and carry out a surgical procedure. And that is why in this industry, we have a large number of very good fish health professionals who are not vets but who are trained in fish disease.
Around the world. And then there are, there are quite a number of vaccines now in, in the aquaculture industry, which has been of enormous benefit. It's prevented us having to use a lot of antibiotics and so on.
So the vaccine industry is coming on, but every few years, yet another pathogen is discovered and we do also have a requirement for using autogenous vaccines. I'm going to be rather simplistic as I move toward the end of the my last few slides. And I've called this basic information on common problems, and it's because I, I'm aware that I've been telling everybody about the differences and, you know, the, the need to get training and experience in the field.
But there are some strong givens and common things are common as they are for every species. I can do it to death, but 50% of all problems are environmentally related. And I said it earlier, but very often your diagnosis will not just be one thing.
Because fish are living in this bacterial soup, all sorts of things will be seen, either on histopathology or bacteriology. And also, sadly, as I said earlier, some, some clients may well have tried all sorts of treatments before they come to you. So, you know, some, the original cause may often be very difficult to sort out.
I suggest too that fish owners are very, very passionate about their pets, and they will know a lot more than you or me about a lot of things, but, you know, don't be unconfident about that. They're coming to you for your professional. Clinical approach to problems.
And I think if you get into a good relationship with a fish client, the two of you together can move mountains and you can go a long way into trying to sort problems out. But there has been a history over the years of owners just seeing vets as a provider of prescription only medicines that they found they haven't been able to get anywhere else, and I'd really discourage any of us from getting involved in that. And then finally, .
If you don't know the answer, please don't make it up. I mean, we, we may be tempted to do that sometimes, but it's so much more important to, to let them know what you do know, go away and find something out, discuss it with them, and then work together for the welfare of the, the fish. So here's the bottom line really, You will need training, .
One thing I haven't put in here is, what I mentioned earlier, it may not be financially a really great opportunity for you, but it will be an incredibly rewarding path, and depending on what you do in the aquatic world, you can go into so many different jobs, . Perhaps not as a clinician, but in any other way, and, and still make a, a very good living out of it. All of that is going to take time, and I just encourage you to give it the time and not lose the enthusiasm.
I think it's a really, really rewarding career, and I would just recommend that you absolutely go for it. And I've got a, a blank slide, here, Bruce, I just wonder if, I don't know if you want to do questions now or if I should go to the last slide now. Lydia, I think just carry on.
Yeah, OK. So, the final slide really is that, you know, everybody has quizzes and all the rest of it, but I wanted to, look at this evening as an opportunity for reflective learning. Royal College talks about that a lot.
But there's going to be, a little surprise in the sense of, I have a copy of Richmond Lowe's book, Fish Fetting Essentials, which he's given me free to give to somebody, here on the webinar, either now or people listening to it afterwards. And I'd like to suggest that you go through these reflective learning questions that I put down here. Because I think it might Apart from question one, the other questions will clarify your thoughts on what interest you really have.
What you would really like to do. How you think you might get there, and then helping you to make a plan for getting there in the future. And question one, no right or wrong answers, but again, trying to encourage you to think, post Brexit, what will happen to future sales of UK farm salmon, what will happen in the world, where will will there be an export market, what will we do, and so on.
I've just put that there to to be a kind of . What can I call it, a, a tiebreaker question. If there's more than one person, you know, who, looking at the answers and so on, needs to get the textbook.
I don't know how many free copies I can get off Rich. And really that's the end of the presentation. Lydia, thank you very much.
So folks, what you can do on those reflective learning questions is ponder them and email your answers in the webinar vet and they will go through and forward all of those through to Lydia and she will then be the judge of it and notify the relevant winner. So remember that the webinars are recorded and within a couple of days it'll be up on the members page, available to go through again and obviously, to get a hold of these questions. We can probably ask Catherine, if she would, email these reflective learning questions out to Everybody, to give it, make it a bit easier for you that you can get those answers and submit them if you would like that copy of, that amazing book, from, Doctor Lowe.
It really is worth looking at. It's, it really is an incredible que asset to have in your library. Lydia, yeah, carry on.
Could I just ask, will, will all the participants get the notes that I've produced? Yes, we will ask them to email them out to everybody and Wendy's also just put in your chat box there if you want to email. Office at the webinar vet.com.
You're reflecting learning but they will also email out the notes to everybody so that they do have those questions available. And then feed them back to you in time, Lydia. That's great.
That's great, thank you. We haven't had any questions coming through. I think, like me, everybody who's attended is just sitting absolutely in awe of what you've told us and This whole new world that you've opened up to us.
So thank you for your time. You're welcome. Folks, if there's no other questions coming through, we will then call it an evening.
And once again it is my pleasure to thank Lydia for her time and for coming onto the webinar. We certainly do hope that this is the first of many, many fish webinars and by the numbers attending, I think the interest is there that we'll have to get the office to get hold of you, Lydia and set up a few more of these for us. Hopefully in more detail next time.
Absolutely. Well, we can always ask the participants to email in what other aspects of fish, veterinary medicine they would like to listen to. And then those can be fed back to you and we can build it from there.
I think that's the best way. Absolutely, thank you. Yeah, excellent.
So folks, from my side, that's it for this evening and have a wonderful evening and we'll catch you on the next webinar. Thank you and good night.